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Fecal DAG concentrations did not differ between RBP and WBP 85 34 vs. 84 28 nmol g wet feces in women and 87 51 vs. 111 44 nmol g wet feces in men ; . One man had a very high fecal DAG concentration 472 and 114 nmol g wet feces during RBP and WBP, respectively ; and his results were not included in the statistical analysis of the data. The ammonia concentration did not differ between the rye bread and wheat bread periods in women 41.2 19.4 vs. 40.4 20.2 mol g wet feces ; and in men 30.0 10.4 vs. 35.3 14.3 mol g wet feces ; . Fecal total bile acid concentration was lower during the RBP P 0.05 ; in both women and men Table 5 ; . There were significant differences in proportions of some fecal bile acids from the total bile acid pool between RBP and WPB. The proportion of cholic acid CA ; was greater in women P 0.05 ; and that of CDCA was greater in men P 0.05 ; during the RBP. The proportions of secondary bile acids LCA and epideoxycholic acid were smaller in women P 0.05 ; and those of isolithocholic acid and epideoxycholic acid were smaller in men P 0.05 ; during RPB. Proportions of ursodeoxycholic acid in women P 0.05 ; and ursodeoxycholic acid and ketoacids in men P 0.05 ; were greater during RBB. The DCA CA and LCA CDCA ratios did not differ between the test bread periods when the data were analyzed separately for women and men. However, when the data for women and men were pooled, the difference between the bread periods was significant P 0.05 ; . The LCA DCA ratio was significantly lower during the rye bread period in women P 0.05 ; but not in men. DISCUSSION The aim of this study was to determine whether rye bread compared with wheat bread affects bowel function and fecal bacterial metabolic activity in healthy humans. The subjects were advised to eat bread in amounts providing a minimum of 20% of their daily intake of energy, which is comparable to the amount of bread consumed customarily in the Finnish diet National Public Health Institute 1998 ; . Compliance with the dietary regimen was good, and no difference in the intake of bread between the rye and wheat bread periods was observed. However, because men ate much more bread than women, the data were assessed separately by gender, which reduced the statistical power of the study. It is not possible to conclude whether the differences in response to rye bread between women and men were due to different amounts of food consumed or to differences in fiber intake from breads. Lampe et.

And 54.3C Fig. 2 A ; and correspond to 57 and 43% of the total calorimetric enthalpy Table 1 ; . These results are in good agreement with previously published DSC data on Tm Williams and Swenson, 1981; Potekhin and Privalov, 1982; Sturtevant et al., 1991; Kremneva et al., 2003 ; and suggest that the calorimetric domain at 5051C corresponds to the N-terminal part of Tm and the second domain corresponds to the thermal unfolding of C-terminal part of Tm, with the thiols of Cys-190 reduced 42C ; or cross-linked between the chains of the Tm dimer 55C ; . The cross-linking occurs at the single Cys residue of Tm at position 190. To test the assumption that the shift is caused by the cross-link, we investigated the thermal unfolding of a Tm mutant with the cysteine replaced by serine C190S a-Tm ; . This mutant is unable to form cross-linked Tm dimers Fig. 1 ; , and it demonstrates a thermal unfolding profile very similar to that seen for reduced wt a-Tm Fig. 2 C ; . the case of C190S a-Tm, the most thermostable calorimetric domain is absent, and the two main calorimetric domains have maxima at 37.9 and 49.8C, respectively, with calorimetric enthalpies of 255 6 25 and 375 6 40 kJ mol. A small domain with maximum at 31.7C DHcal 45 6 5 mol ; is also revealed in the C190S a-Tm Fig. 2 C ; . This small domain could correspond to the melting of the Cys mutation-containing region of the Tm molecule. The experiments presented here use a-Tm expressed in E. coli and the Tm is therefore not N-terminally acetylated as is normal for the native protein. The N-terminal acetylation is known to be essential for head-to-tail polymerization of Tm along actin. We therefore use an Ala-Ser N-terminal extension of the a-Tm, which has been shown to mimic the effect of the acetylation Monteiro et al., 1994 ; . We compared the thermal unfolding of recombinant wt a-Tm with that of native a-Tm obtained from rabbit skeletal muscle. There was no significant difference between the two proteins with or without the Cys cross-link. Thermal unfolding of recombinant a-Tm carrying the FHC mutations, D175N or E180G Fig. 3 shows the DSC curves obtained for reduced or crosslinked a-Tm FHC mutants, D175N a-Tm and E180G a-Tm. Both cross-linked Tm mutants showed melting profiles similar to that observed with oxidized wt a-Tm cf. Fig. 2 A ; with the exception of a small thermal transition observed at either 28C for D175N a-Tm or at 25C for E180G a-Tm Fig. 3, A and C ; . Calorimetric enthalpy of this transition represented 8.5% and 16% of the total for D175N a-Tm and E180G a-Tm, respectively. Since these small low-temperature peaks marked as M in Fig. 3, A and C ; are absent in wt a-Tm, they probably correspond to the melting of a small part of Tm in the region of the mutation. Apart from this lowtemperature calorimetric domain, the two cross-linked Tms are similar for wt and both mutants see Table 1 ; . The midpoints of the N-terminal calorimetric domains domains.

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The evidence of autogeny in a different temperature range was observed by G. A. Babayants and A. B. Karapetyan Med. Parazit. i Parazit. Bolezni 39 1 ; : 24-29, in Rus., Engl. Sum. ; in Turmenia, USSR. "The capacity of autogenic ovogenesiswas found to be most inherent in population of mosquitoes inhabiting hot dry deserts." Females of exophilic populations of Culex pipiens L., Uranotaenia unguiculata Edw., Anopheles pulcherrimus Theo. and Culiseta longiareolata Macq. ; proved to have the capability for autogenousoogenesisfor the first time in Turkmenia. Dry-season survival of Anopheles albimanus Wied. was investigated by S. G. Breeland, D. J. Pletsch and K. D. Quarterman Mosquito News 30 1 ; : 81-88 ; in El Salvador. Under laboratory conditions, females preferred mud to bottled or field-collected water for oviposition. The rate of drying of the mud substrate determined the length of time eggs survived. Eggs often were hatchable for IO to 12 days on mud in covered petri dishes. In a powder-dry substrate, eggswould remain hatchable up to 5 days when the medium was air-dried gradually. The studies indicated that A. albimanus eggswere considerablyresistant to desiccation. A study on dry-season survival of another anopheline was made by S. M. Omer and J. L. Cloudsley-Thompson WHO Bul. 42 2 ; : 19330 ; . They observed the survival of female Anopheles gambiae complex probably speciesB ; through a 9-month dry season in the Khartoum region of Sudan. The species maintained itself by low-level breeding in the Valley of the White Nile but in scatteredvillages about 12 miles from the Nile Valley only nulliparous females were found in huts, dry wells and animal shelters. As shown by these tests, A. gambiae Giles has remarkable ability to survive the severe drought and heat of an arid zone. During the 9-month period, ovarian development was extremely retarded but in the Nile Valley there was evidence that the speciesbred throughout the year. A detailed study of resting behavior and selection of resting places of Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus Say in Bobo-Dioulasso, Upper Volta, was conducted by R. Subra Ent. M&d. et Parasitol. Cah. 8 4 ; : 353-376 ; . The endophilic populations consisted mainly of freshly fed females. The rest were unfed females, mostly nullipars. Exophilic females were found generally in wells and cess-pits. Most of the exophilic population consisted of unfed females but gravid ones also were present. The authors concluded that females of this speciesshowed endophilic tendencies during the first part of the gonotrophic cycle and exophilic ones thereafter. The preferred host of C. p. quinquefasciatus was man but exophilic females often took blood meals from other sources. R. S. Soman and R. Reuben J. Med. Ent. 7 4 ; : 485-489 ; found ovipositing females of Aedes aegypti to be more attracted to water con and cubicin.