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It is important to: Recognize and use previous experience and knowledge. Expect to be challenged. Try to identify existing assumptions and beliefs that might interfere with learning.
JNM, Kanis JA Eds ; , pp 265-306, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1994. Dunford JE, Thompson K, Coxon FP, Luckman SP, Hahn FM, Poulter CD, Ebetino FH, Rogers MJ: Structure-activity relationships for inhibition of farnesyl diphosphate synthase in vitro and inhibition of bone resorption in vivo by nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates. J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 296: 235-242, 2001. Green JR, Muller K, Laeggi KA: Preclinical pharmacology of GCP 42'446, a new potent, heterocyclic bisphosphonate compound. J Bone Miner Res, 9: 745-751, 1994. Flanagam AM, Chambers TJ: Dichloromethylene-bisphosphonate CL2MDP ; inhibits bone resorption through injury of osteoclasts that resorb CL2MDP-coated bone. Bone Miner, 6: 33-43, 1989. Boonekamp PM, van der Wee-Pals LJ, van Wijk-van Lennep MM, Thesing CW, Bijvoet OL: Two modes of action of bisphosphonates on osteolytic resorption of mineralized bone matrix. Bone Miner, 1: 27-39, 1986. Shipman CM, Croucher PI, Russell RG, Rogers MJ: Bisphosphonate-induced apoptosis in human myeloma cells. First Int Conf Cancer-Induced Bone Disease, London, June 16-18, p 24, 1997. Stutzer A, Fiechsel U, Fleish H: Effects of bisphosphonates on osteoclast number and bone resorption in the rat. J Bone Miner Res, 2: 266-269, 1987. Lowik CW, van der Pluijim G, van der Wee Pals LJ: Migration and phenotypic transformation of osteoclast precursors into mature osteoclasts: the effects of a bisphosphonate. J Bone Miner Res, 3: 185-192, 1988. Fromigue O, Lagneaux L, Body JJ: Bisphosphonates induce breast cancer cell death in vitro. J Bone Miner Res, 15: 2211-2221, 2000. Jagdev SP, Coleman RE, Shipman CM, Rostami HA, Croucher PI: The bisphosphonate, zoledronic acid, induces apoptosis of breast cancer cells: evidence for synergy with paclitaxel. Br J Cancer, 84: 1126-1134, 2001. Shehata M, Schwarzmeier JD, Hilgarth M, Hubmann R, Schlagbauer-Wadl H, Berger R: Mechanism of bisphosphonate alendronate ; -induced apoptosis in tumour cells: inhibition of Rhoa activation and disruption of actin cytoskeleton. 5th Workshop on Bisphosphonates, Davos, Switzerland, April 2000, abst 541B18. Boissier S, Magnetto S, Frappart L, Cuzin B, Ebetino FH, Delmas PD, Clezardin P: Bisphosphonates inhibit prostate and breast carcinoma cell adhesion to unmineralized and mineralized bone extracellular matrices. Cancer Res, 57: 3890-3894, 1997. Boissier S, Ferreras M, Peyruchaud O, Magnetto S, Ebetino FH, Colombel M, Delmas P, Delaisse JM, Clezardin P: Bisphosphonates inhibit breast and prostate carcinoma cell invasion, an early event in the formation of bone metastases. Cancer Res, 60: 2949-2954, 2000. Peyruchaud O, Winding B, Pecheur I, Serre CM, Delmas P, Clezardin P: Early detection of bone metastases in a murine model using fluorescent human breast cancer cells: application to the use of the bisphosphonate zoledronic acid in the treatment of osteolytic lesions. J Bone Miner Res, 16: 20272034, 2001. Sasaki A, Boyce BF, Story B, Wright KR, Chapman M, Boyce R, Mundy GR, Yoneda T: Bisphosphonate risedronate reduces metastatic human breast cancer burden in bone in nude mice. Cancer Res, 55: 3551-3557, 1995. Yoneda T, Sasaki A, Dunstan C, Williams PJ, Bauss F, De Clerck YA, Mundy GR: Inhibition of osteolytic bone metastasis of breast cancer by combined treatment with the bisphosphonate ibandronate and tissue inhibitor of the matrix metalloproteinase-2. J Clin Invest, 99: 2509-2517, 1997. Body JJ, Bartl R, Burckhardt P, Delmas PD, Diel IJ, Fleisch H, Kanis JA, Kyle RA, Mundy GR, Paterson AH, and Rubens RD: Current use of bisphosphonates in oncology.
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1. Apologies 2. Previous minutes 10th November 2005 3. Matters arising a ; b ; c ; Atomoxetine Update on SCG Vigabatrin local optometry committee email Melatonin further feedback from Children's Hospital re RED status Nebido testosterone implants awaiting reply from SRHT endocrinologists re SCG? Buccal midazolam - guidance Atypical antipsychotics SCG from 3 mental health Trusts? Prostap one month pre-op awaiting SCG from Tameside? Prostap Zoladex + feedback HRT ; long-term instead of difficult surgery - reply from Chief Pharmacists? Mercaptopurine for Crohn's Disease awaiting SCG from Hope GI team Propylthiouracil Carbimazole feed back from June So? Tizanidine usage report Duloxetine Venlafaxine Tryptophan feedback from mental health trusts Cinacalcit update Ibandronate SCG update Octreotide lanreotide and Interferon shared care update Lamivudine for Hepatitis B update Guidance Document - distribution.
In order to establish the appropriate time for [123l vIlBG human myocard'ialimaging to assess the a&energic nerveactivity, the time coursesof metaiodobenzylguanidine MIBG ; intra-and extravesicular accumulation in the rat heart were eslimated by using [131l AlBG and reserpine.In the heart, the intravesicular ccumulationwas relativelyconstant, while the a 5 mm hr. The intravesicular.
About the roche glaxosmithkline alliance in december 2001, roche and glaxosmithkline announced that they will co-develop and plan to co-promote ibandronate for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis.
BlueCross BlueShield of Tennessee, Inc. and its affiliated companies Southern Diversified Business Services, Inc. Golden Security Insurance Company, Inc. Group Insurance Services, Inc. RiverTrust Solutions, Inc. Security Care, Inc. Southern Health Plan, Inc. Volunteer State Health Plan, Inc. Tennessee Health Foundation, Inc. Gateway Downtown Redevelopment Group, Inc. Purpose: This Notice informs consumers and customers that BlueCross BlueShield of Tennessee may disclose their nonpublic personal information the company collects to its affiliates but not to nonaffiliated third parties, except as permitted by law. Title V of the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act 15 U.S.C. 6801 et seq. ; and the implementing regulations of the Insurance Commissioner of Tennessee require BlueCross BlueShield of Tennessee to deliver this Notice to consumers at their formation of customer relationships with the Company, and to its customers annually. This Notice serves to inform you that BlueCross BlueShield of Tennessee does not disclose to nonaffiliated third parties your nonpublic personal information, which is collected and maintained as described below, except as permitted by law. The company will not disclose your nonpublic personal information to nonaffiliated third parties even after the customer relationship with you may end, except as permitted by law. BlueCross BlueShield of Tennessee reserves the right to disclose your nonpublic personal information the company collects during business transactions to its affiliates. How information is protected: Except as explained below, BlueCross BlueShield of Tennessee restricts access to your nonpublic personal information to employees who need to know this information to provide its products and services to you. Such employees include claims processors, underwriters, and customer service personnel. The company maintains physical, electronic, and procedural safeguards that comply with legal requirements to guard your nonpublic personal information. Collecting and maintaining information: BlueCross BlueShield of Tennessee collects nonpublic personal information about you from the following sources: Information received from you on applications or other forms; and Information obtained from your transactions with the company, its affiliates or others. Information the company discloses: BlueCross BlueShield of Tennessee discloses or reserves the right to disclose all of the nonpublic personal information the company collects and maintains about you to its affiliates and ibritumomab.
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Heidenreich A, Elert A & Hofmann R 2002 Ibandronate in the treatment of prostate cancer associated painful osseus metastases. Prostate Cancer and Prostatic Diseases 5 231235. Hiller BE, Ingle JN, Berenson JR, Janjan NA, Albain KS, Lipton A, Yee G, Biermann JS, Chlebowski RT & Pfister DG 2000a American Society of Clinical Oncology guideline on the role of bisphosphonates in breast cancer. American Society of Clinical Oncology expert panel. Journal of Clinical Oncology 18 13781391. Hillner BE, Weeks JC, Desch CE & Smith TJ 2000b Pamidronate on prevention of bone complications in metastatic breast cancer: a cost-effectiveness analysis. Journal of Clinical Oncology 18 7279. Hofbauer LC, Khosla S, Dunstan CR, Lacey DL, Boyle WJ & Riggs BL 2000 The roles of osteoprotegerin and osteoprotegerin ligand in the paracrine regulation of bone resorption. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 15 212. Hortobagyi GN, Theriault RL, Porter L, Blayney D, Lipton A, Sinoff C, Wheeler H, Simeone JF, Seaman J, Knight RD, Heffernan M & Reitsma D 1996 Efficacy of pamidronate in reducing skeletal complications in patients with breast cancer and lytic bone metastases. New England Journal of Medicine 335 17851791. Hultborn R, Ryden S, Gunderson S, Holmberg E & Wallgren U-B 1996 Efficacy of pamidronate on skeletal complications from breast cancer metastases. A randomised prospective double blind placebo controlled trial. Acta Oncologica 35 Suppl 5 ; 7374. Jagdev SP, Croucher PI & Coleman RE 2000 Zoledronate induces apoptosis of breast cancer cells in vitro -- evidence for additive and synergistic effects with taxol and tamoxifen. Proceedings of the American Society of Clinical Oncology 19 Abstract 2619. Jagdev SP, Coleman RE, Shipman CM, Rostami HA & Croucher PI 2001a The bisphosphonate, zoledronic acid, induces apoptosis of breast cancer cells: evidence for synergy with paclitaxel. British Journal of Cancer 84 11261134. Jagdev SP, Croucher PI & Coleman RE 2001b The effects of intravenous bisphosphonate treatment on the bone microenvironment in patients with breast cancer and bone metastases. European Journal of Cancer 37 S129. Jagdev SP, Purohit OP, Heatley S, Herling C & Coleman RE 2001c Comparison of the effects of intravenous pamidronate and oral clodronate on symptoms and bone resorption in patients with metastatic bone disease. Annals of Oncology 12 14331438. Kanis JA, McCloskey EV, Powles T, Paterson AH, Ashley S & Spector T 1999 A high incidence of vertebral fractures in women with breast cancer. British Journal of Cancer 79 11791181. Kostenuik PJ, W O, Suyama K & Singh G 1993 Increased growth rate and tumour burden of spontaneously metastatic Walker 256 cancer cells in the skeleton of bisphosphonate-treated rats. Cancer Research 53 54525457. Krempien B & Manegold C 1993 Prophylactic treatment of skeletal metastases, tumor-induced osteolysis, and hypercalcemia in rats with the bisphosphonate Cl2MBP. Cancer 72 9198. Kristensen B, Ejlertsen B, Groenvold M, Hein S, Loft H & Mouridsen HT 1999 Oral clodronate in breast cancer patients with bone metastases: a randomised study. Journal of Internal Medicine 246 6774. Kylmala T, Tammela TL, Lindholm TS & Seppanen J 1994 The effect of combined intravenous and oral clodronate treatment on bone pain in patients with metastatic prostate cancer. Annales Chirurgiae et Gynaecologiae 83 316319. Kylmala T, Taube T, Tammela TL, Risteli L, Risteli J & Eloma A 1997 Concomitant i.v. and oral clodronate in the relief of bone pain -- a double-blind placebo-controlled study in patients with prostate cancer. British Journal of Cancer 76 939942. Lee MV, Fong EM, Singer FR & Guenette RS 2001 Bisphosphonate treatment inhibits the growth of prostate cancer cells. Cancer Research 61 26022608. Lee YP, Schwarz EM, Davies M, Jo M, Gates J, Zhang X, Wu J & Lieberman JR 2002 Use of zoledronate to treat osteoblastic versus osteolytic lesions in a severe-combinedimmunodeficient mouse model. Cancer Research 62 55645570. Leuprolide Study Group 1984 Leuprolide versus diethylstilbestrol for metastatic prostate cancer. New England Journal of Medicine 311 12811286. Lipton A, Small E, Saad F, Gleason D, Gordon D, Smith M, Rosen L, Kowalski MO, Reitsman D & Seaman J 2002 The new bisphosphonate, Zometa zoledronic acid ; , decreases skeletal complications in both osteolytic and osteoblastic lesions: a comparison to pamidronate. Cancer Investigations 20 Suppl 2 ; 4554. Mackie PS, Fisher JL, Zhou H & Choong PF 2001 Bisphosphonates regulate cell growth and gene expression in the UMR 106-101 clonal rat osteosarcoma cell line. British Journal of Cancer 84 951958. Magnetto S, Boissier S, Delmas PD & Clezardin P 1999 Additive antitumor activities of taxoids in combination with the bisphosphonate ibandronate against invasion and adhesion of human breast carcinoma cells to bone. International Journal of Cancer 83 263269. Maillefert JF, Sibilia J, Michel F, Saussine C, Javier RM & Tavernier C 1999 Bone mineral density in men treated with synthetic gonadotrophin-releasing hormone agonists for prostate carcinoma. Journal of Urology 161 12191222. Major PP, Lortholary A, Hon J, Abdi T, Mills G, Mensen HD, Yunus F, Bell R, Body J, Fehling E & Seaman J 2001 Zoledronic acid is superior to pamidronate in the treatment of hypercalcemia of malignancy -- a pooled analysis of two randomized, controlled clinical trials. Journal of Clinical Oncology 19 558567. Miller KK & Klibanski A 1999 Amenorrheic bone loss. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 84 17751783. Mincey BA 2003 Osteoporosis in women with breast cancer. Breast Cancer 5 5357. Mundy GR 1999 Bone Remodelling and Its Disorders, edn 2. Martin Dunitz: London. Mundy GR, Yoneda T & Hiraga T 2001 Preclinical studies with zoledronic acid and other bisphosphonates: impact on the bone microenvironment. Seminars in Oncology 28 3544.
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Leyton, Marco * cont'd ; Discussion: To our knowledge this study provides the first evidence that i ; synaptic dopamine levels are increased in human striatum by intra-nasal cocaine, and ii ; that low serotonin transmission might augment this response in the sensorimotor dorsal striatum. Since reducing dopamine synthesis decreases cocaine craving, 5 these findings support the hypothesis that drug-induced increases in limbic dopamine transmission contribute to the production of craving states. Low serotoninrelated increases in dopamine release within the dorsal striatum, in comparison, might be more important for stimulus-response habit behavior, and susceptibility to dysregulated compulsive drug-seeking. REFERENCES 1 ; Robinson & Berridge Brain Res Brain Res Rev 1993; 18: 247 ; Ito et al. J Neuroscience 2002; 22: 6247 ; Gervais & Rouillard Synapse 2000; 35: 281 ; Virkkunen et al. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1994; 51: 20 ; Leyton et al. Behav Neuroscience 2005; 119: 1619 and idarubicin.
Advances in molecular genetics, cellular biology, and imaging technology justify optimism for the successful uncovering of the neurobiological bases for many neuropsychiatric disorders. These disorders are, however, complex, heterogeneous phenomena that, in all but the rarest cases, are not caused by a single dysfunctional protein or gene. Thus, despite the heritability of disorders like depression and schizophrenia which implies a genetic basis ; , no single genetic abnormality is likely to account for more than a vanishingly small part of the variance in their appearance and expression. An alternative approach described in this issue of Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience is to identify and study endophenotypes: neuropsychological, biochemical, physiological, cognitive, and neuroanatomical traits that are more elementary components of the disorder and hence reflect the influence of a manageable number of genes. In this fashion, psychiatric disorders may be deconstructed in a way that amplifies the genetic signal relative to the background noise and aids the search for gene variants that contribute to the susceptibility to, and expression of, the illness. In the State of the art article, Wade H. Berrettini page 95 ; introduces the reader to the concept of, and criteria for, endophenotypes. After presenting two examples of endophenotypes that are stable and heritable--the P50 auditory evoked potential and working memory deficits in schizophrenia--Berrettini raises the argument that endophenotypes may not need to meet the criterion of heritability in order to be valuable constructs, despite the obvious usefulness of this criterion in the search for candidate genes contributing to psychiatric disorders. In the first Basic research article, Michael J. Meaney and Moshe Szyf page 103 ; provide a brilliant discussion of the means by which environmental events in this case, licking and grooming behavior of rat pups ; can be transduced into epigenomic changes that in a lifelong fashion alter stress adaptation and behavior. This article then elucidates the neurobiological mechanisms of environmental modulation and programming of behavior and further demonstrates that changes in gene expression rather than sequence differences may encode differences in behavior. In the second Basic research article, David L. Braff and Gregory A. Light page 125 ; lucidly review studies of endophenotypes in schizophrenia and then focus on neurophysiological endophenotypes. The clinical, neurobiological, and interspecies justifications for focusing on prepulse inhibition and P50 suppression are presented, and a case is made for the potential therapeutic impact of successful endophenotype-based strategies for the dissection of genetic vulnerability and geneenvironment interactions in schizophrenia. In the Poster, Michael F. Egan page 136 ; provides an example of "imaging genomics, " ie, the use neuroimaging as a means for amplifying the ability to detect genetic contributions to schizophrenia. His studies of brainderived neurotropic factor BDNF ; demonstrate how neuroimaging phenotypes can be used in conjunction with biochemical and neuropathological data to clarify the role of specific genes in brain function and in the risk for psychiatric disorders. In the first Clinical research article, Larry J. Siever page 139 ; deconstructs several personality disorders borderline, schizotypal, and avoidant ; into phenomenological dimensions and biological characteristics that, he persuasively argues, will permit the construction of a more meaningful nosology and clarify the interaction between environmental influences and underlying genetic vulnerabilities. Once again, it is proposed that subsyndromal dynamic phenomena such as impulsive aggression, affective instability, and altered emotional information processing are more genetically transparent than the parent syndromes. In the second Clinical research article, Lisa M. Hines, Lara Ray, Kent Hutchison, and Boris Tabakoff page 153 ; summarize the literature on promising endophenotypes in alcoholism. This comprehensive review describes physiological, metabolic, electrophysiological, behavioral, neuroimaging, and biochemical traits that can be used to partition alcoholics into endophenotypes that suggest both candidate susceptibility genes and novel pathophysiological mechanisms underlying alcohol dependence. Finally, in the last Clinical research article, Gilbert A. Preston and Daniel R. Weinberger page 165 ; review the promise and limitations of the endophenotype concept as it applies to schizophrenia. After reviewing cognitive, neurophysiological, and neuroimaging data as they relate to specific candidate gene polymorphisms, they focus on.
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Table 4. Number of cows, age, days postpartum, body condition score, and cyclicity status for cows in each treatment mean SE ; a and ifex.
[Developmental Medicine Childhood Neurology 40: 297-301, 1998] But these children are observationally autistic from infancy, and don't fit the common pattern of onset around the age of 3. Yet many birth-related developmental disorders do not emanate early but rather materialize in the second to fourth years. Other factors must be explored.
Risk stratification and pharmacological therapy. Evaluation of traditional cardiovascular risk factors according to the Framingham score with intervention for those that can be modified is important for patients on HAART. These risk factors may be added to nonreversible risk factors, such as male sex, age greater than 40 years, and family history of premature coronary heart disease. Patients may also be smokers and may have a sedentary lifestyle, both of which predispose to coronary heart disease and stroke. Existing guidelines for the management of dyslipidemias in the general population, such as those of the National Cholesterol Education Program, also currently represent the basis for therapeutic recommendations in HIV-infected individuals52. Dietary modification and exercise are general health measures likely to be beneficial in HIV infected patients with a HAART-related metabolic syndrome52 and ifosfamide.
Lower in the thin-strut group 0.93 mm vs. 1.19 mm; p 0.001 ; , as was the loss index 0.51 vs. 0.65; p 0.001 ; . This translated into a significant difference in the primary end point, the angiographic restenosis rate 17.9% vs. 31.4%; p 0.001 ; . At one year, the rate of TVR was significantly lower with thin-strut stents 12.3% vs. 21.9%; p 0.002 no difference was observed in the combined rate of death and MI at one year 4.9% vs. 6.3%; p 0.67 ; . Conclusions. Strut thickness of coronary stents has a significant impact on long-term outcome because thinner-strut stents are associated with a significantly lower restenosis rate. The ISARSTEREO-1 trial had shown this effect in a comparison of two stents of similar design; ISAR-STEREO-2 suggests that this effect is also true for stents of different design. The findings could have an important impact on today's practice and the future development of coronary stents. The trial underscores the value of an unselected study population and a stringent follow-up of at least six months, as well as the limited value of data on short-term procedural success and early results.
Appendix 1 Appendix 1 South West Wales Cancer Network Clinical trials portfolio June 2006 1. Breast cancer Adjuvant: OPTION - Ovarian Protection Trial in Oestrogen non Responsive Premenopausal Breast Cancer Patients Receiving Adjuvant or Neo-adjuvant Chenmotherapy. REACT - A phase III multicentre double blind randomised trial of celecoxib versus placebo following chemotherapy in primary breast cancer patients SPROG - G-CSF filgrastim ; secondary prophylaxis in the adjuvant chemotherapy of early breast cancer TACT 2 - Trial of Accelerated Adjuvant Chemotherapy With Capecitabine in Early Breast Cancer Metastatic: SOFEA - A partially-blind Phase III randomised trial of Fulvestrant Faslodex ; with or without concomitant Anastrozole Arimidex ; compared with exemestane in post-menopausal women with ER + ve locally advanced metastatic breast cancer following progression on non-steroidal aromatase inhibitors. Bismark - Cost-effective use of BISphosphonates in metastatic bone disease a comparison of bone MARKer directed zoledronic acid therapy to a standard schedule ZICE - A randomised phase III, open-label, multicentre, parallel group clinical trial to evaluate and compare the efficacy, safety profile and tolerability of oral ibandronate versus intravenous zoledronate in the treatment of breast cancer patients with bone metastases Will Weekly Win - A randomised 2-arm, prospective, multi-centre, open-label Phase III trial comparing the activity and safety of a weekly versus a 3 weekly Paclitaxel treatment schedule in patients with advanced or metastatic breast cancer. Pharmaceutical: Bioenvison 221 - A Phase IV non-randomised study of Modrenal Trilostane ; in post-menopausal women with advanced Oestrogen Receptor Positive ER + ; breast cancer for whom prior endocrine therapies have failed, one of which was an Aromatase Inhibitor. Bioenvision 211 - A Phase II, non-randomised study of Modrenal Trilostane ; in Pre-menapausal women with Oestrogen Receptor Positive Breast Cancer who have relapsed or are Refactory to Hormon Therapies of Tamoxifen, Goserelin and an Aromatase Inhibitor. FIRST Epidemiology: British Breast cancer study - A study of the causes of breast cancer, concentrating on the risks of cancer in the family and iloprost.
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BY WILLIAM J. SANDBORN, MD Professor of Medicine, Mayo College of Medicine; Head, Inflammatory Bowel Disease Interest Group, Director, IBD Clinical Research Unit, Mayo Medical Center, Rochester, MN.
15 wk after transplantation. In four of the six testes, arrest of spermatogenesis at the pachytene spermatocyte stage was detected, accompanied by the appearance of inclusionlike bodies in the cytoplasm Fig. 1b ; . The pachytene spermatocytes tended to move closer to the lumen. The other types of cells present in the epithelium were spermatogonia, preleptotene to leptotene spermatocytes, and Sertoli cells. The cellular association was similar to that observed in the normal testis, although spermatids were lacking. In each of the four testes, one tubule had these characteristic spermatocytes. The total length of the portions of the tubule that contained the spermatocytes with inclusion-like bodies was between 170 and 1300 m, as determined by analyses of the serial sections. In experiment 2, the injection of normal germ cells was successful in five testes of the five as as animals. Between 50% and 70% of the surface tubules were filled with the and indinavir.
2.2.1 f ; Rituele kenmerke In die HAT Odendal & Gouws 2000, s.v. "karnaval" ; word die lemma "karnaval" as volg omskryf: "Die drie dae voor Aswoensdag, veral die laaste dag, wat in Rooms-Katolieke lande met baie vrolikheid gepaard gaan. Feestelikheid gepaardgaande met vermomming `n ander gedaante ; , luidrugtige feesvreugde, vrolikheid, pretmakery in die algemeen". Die eienskappe van karnaval wat in die bogenoemde omskrywing aangeraak word, is di van uitbundige feestelikheid, wat ook later in die hoofstuk by Afrikaanse kunstefeeste ondersoek sal word. Soos afgelei kan word uit die bogenoemde omskrywing, was die Middeleeuse karnaval, soos die Afrikaanse kunstefeeste vandag, 'n jaarlikse ontvlugtings ; instelling op 'n gegewe tyd, met `n gegewe karakter en daarom met herhalende, rituele kenmerke. Ook Bakhtin 1984: 75 ; en Platter 2001: 52 ; beskou karnaval as 'n kultusaktiwiteit met die klem op die ritueel en `n nostalgiese terugroep na die verlede en die uitlewing van 'n nie-amptelike volksgeskiedenis. So verduidelik Vice 1997 ; die volgende aspekte wat geassosieer kan word met Bakhtin se begrip van karnaval as element van populre nie-amptelike ; geskiedenis oftewel folklore ; : rituele vertonings, byvoorbeeld karnavaloptogte of komiese straatteater in die and ibandronate.
Request for Resolution Workforce Housing Grant Application County Planner Hendrick shared the following information regarding the Workforce Housing Initiative Demonstration Project Summary: This is a pilot project involving: Wisconsin Department of Commerce, Wisconsin Housing and Economic Development Authority WHEDA ; , Outagamie County Housing Authority, Winnebago County Housing Authority, Appleton Housing Authority, and Pitney Bowes. o Department of Commerce's Bureau of Housing will provide 0, 000 in funds that can be used for down payment, closing costs and or rehabilitation costs; and, 0, 000 in CDBG funds that will also be available for rehabilitation costs. Both funds would be 0% loans, with repayments to go into a revolving loan fund for future housing loans. o WHEDA will provide below market 30-year fixed rate financing in the estimated amount of 0, 000, plus make available 0, 000 for home repairs and improvements in the form of 15-year loans with interest only payments for first two years and 8% thereafter. o Pitney Bowes is being asked to provide , 000. o Outagamie County is being asked to make the application for the CDBG funds and to enter into a cooperative agreement with the other parties. o Appleton Housing Authority, through its existing home-ownership program, will administer the program. o The two county housing authorities are asked to coordinate referrals to Appleton. The goal is to assist 10 employees of Pitney Bowes to become first-time homeowners. There are maximum annual household limits, as well as maximum housing value limits. It is envisioned that the purchases would be primarily existing housing stock, which is why there is money available for repair and improvements. Pitney Bowes is hopeful that they will be able to retain employees as a result of the ownership investment. This is the first time in Wisconsin that WHEDA, Commerce and a private partnership will be formed to address workforce housing. The goal is to get the project up and running by February 1st. To meet the goal, the following needs to be completed: o Conduct two public hearings one in each county ; o Adopt a resolution to apply for the CDBG housing funds o Sign the "Statement of Assurance" form o Sign the "Lobbying Certification" form o Receive environmental clearance o Complete "Memorandums of Understanding and infliximab.
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Dahlgren A 1 and DeRoo LA 2 1. WHO Collaborating Centre for Travellers' Health, Division of Epidemiology and Prevention of Communicable Diseases, University of Zurich, Switzerland 2. Department of Clinical Epidemiology, University of Geneva, Switzerland Objectives: To identify characteristics among Swedish travellers participating in the ETHAB multicentre airport trial, that were related to seeking health advice prior to their trips. Methods: We conducted a multivariable regression to determine which respondent and trip characteristics were associated with having asked for travel health advice. The 95 % confidence intervals of the estimates were adjusted to account for clustering of respondents by flight. Results: Men were less likely than women to obtain health advice prior to their trips. Travellers aged 36 years and older were also less likely to seek out health advice compared to those aged 18 to 35 years, after adjusting for whether or not it was the first trip to the destination and other variables RR 0.75; 95% CI 0.63-0.90 ; . Persons who were travelling with adults adjusted RR 1.50; 95% CI 1.06-2.12 ; or children adjusted RR 1.74; 95% CI 1.14-2.64 ; were more likely to ask for health advice than persons travelling alone. Travel advice was more often sought among travellers who were going to their destinations for the first time compared to those who had been to their destinations previously. Travellers who had two weeks or more planning time before the trip were nearly two times more likely to ask for health advice compared to those who had less than two weeks before departure. Conclusions: These results suggest a potential educational need among those travelling to risk destinations with special emphasis on persons travelling alone and `last minute' travellers.
Sion assay [19]. The order of potency was found to be as follows: zoledronic acid ibandronate NE-10244 active analogue ; clodronate. The half-maximal inhibition values were found to be 1 pmol l, 1 pmol l, 0.5 nmol l and 50 mol l, respectively. NE-58051 had no inhibitory effects on cell invasion [19], which is in accord with its ineffectiveness in preventing cell adhesion, as outlined above. This indicates that the direct inhibitory action of bisphosphonates on breast cancer cells involves the R2 group of the molecule Fig. 1 ; . On the other hand, NE-10790 a phosphonocarboxylate analogue of risedronate, in which one of the phosphonate groups is substituted by a carboxyl group ; had inhibitory effects on cell invasion to an extent similar to that observed with NE-10244, even though NE-10790 has little effect on antiresorptive activity as compared with NE-10244 on bone. This suggests that the pharmacological mechanism of action of bisphosphonates on tumour cell invasion is distinct from the mechanism of action on bone. The results from that study [19] also lend support to the suggestion that the inhibitory effects of bisphosphonates on cell invasion are related to the inhibition of the proteolytic activity of MMPs rather than to modulation of their expression. At high concentrations ~100 mol l ; , bisphosphonate treatment inhibited the activity of MMP-2, -9 and -12. Excess of zinc completely reversed bisphosphonateinduced inhibition of cell invasion. In addition, NE-10790 did not inhibit MMP activity. Those findings suggest that the phosphonate groups of bisphosphonates are responsible for the chelation of zinc and the subsequent inhibition of MMP activity. However, although treatment with NE-10790 did not decrease MMP activity, it inhibited breast cancer cell invasion to an extent similar to that observed with NE-10244; this suggests that inhibition of MMP activity is not the sole mechanism by which bisphosphonates inhibit invasion and intal.
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